![]() This campaign was followed by fierce military operations known as the Harrying of the North between 1069–1070, extending Norman authority across the north of England. William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, defeating the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings and placing the country under Norman rule. Invasion and the early Norman period (1066–1100) By the end of the period, England would have a weak early modern government overseeing an economy involving a thriving community of indigenous English merchants and corporations. Despite economic dislocation in urban areas, including shifts in the holders of wealth and the location of these economies, the economic output of towns developed and intensified over the period. Over the next five centuries the English economy would at first grow and then suffer an acute crisis, resulting in significant political and economic change. Norman institutions, including serfdom, were superimposed on a mature network of well-established towns involved in international trade. Although England's economy was fundamentally agricultural throughout the period, even before the invasion the market economy was important to producers. ![]() The economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages is the economic history of English towns and trade from the Norman invasion in 1066, to the death of Henry VII in 1509.
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